Tube-lined base markings other than signatures and tube-liner identifiers

Collectors of Charlotte's tube-lined designs from Crown Ducal may have noticed items where the tube-liner has added numbers, letters or marks other than a Rhead signature or tube-liner identifying mark to the base.

These fall into five categories:

• Production instructions - tube-lined .K. and .S. marks (and similar)
• Tube-lined shape numbers
• Tube-lined pattern numbers
• Triangles of 3 tube-lined dots
• And others!

All of these markings must have had a purpose at the time they were applied. Sometimes the purpose is clear such as the pattern number, but it may not be evident why the pattern number was tube-lined on some items and not others. This post is a summary of my thoughts so far on what can be read into these "additional" markings.

The tube-lined .K. mark

Tube-lined .K. mark on a Persino pattern 3052 12" charger

Occasionally you may come across a tube-lined letter K with a dot either side, “.K.” on the base. The mark is obviously applied by the tube-lining artist at the time she signed her Rhead signature. There is evidence that it is a message to the enamellers, gilders and lustrers that the pot need to be decorated in a different way to usual. Bernard Bumpus records the K mark as a possible identifier for a tube-liner, but this would not make sense because it is usually accompanied by a known tube-liners mark and therefore must have another purpose.

The single mention of the “.K.” mark in the Crown Ducal pattern books is under the entry for the Green Chain pattern 4298 where there is a pencil notation, “To be marked .K.” I have recorded 7 examples from the original production run of pattern 4298, (AGR2 backstamp style), that have the “.K.” mark. The only other patterns seen to date with the “.K.” mark are Byzantine 2681, (24 examples) and Persino 3052, (13 examples) which are different colourways of the same design.

The possibility that the mark might be to alert the decorators to apply different colours is reasonable because in 1935 both orange and green versions of the Chain pattern, (4100 and 4298), would have been in production. The tube-lining was exactly the same for the two patterns, so instructions would have to be passed somehow as to what colours should be used to fulfil the required client orders.

Unfortunately the theory breaks down because, of the Byzantine/Persino pairing of “.K.” marked pieces the 25 Byzantine pots are decorated in traditional 2681 colours, not 3052 colours. Therefore if the mark was an instruction to the enamellers then the message was ignored most of the time!

This could be resolved by changing the the meaning of the ".K." mark to - ask the supervisor what colours to decorate the pot with because two versions are in production at present - that might work.

Whatever the precise meaning, the general idea still has merit because further study of the pattern books reveal that two other patterns have instructions that they should be marked in a specified manner. These are 4300 and 4318, which are variations of the Tudor Rose pattern. For pattern 4300, the instruction is “To be marked ".B.”, which makes sense as one of the dominant colours in the design is blue. Similarly for pattern 4318 the instruction is “To be marked .O.”, where the dominant colour is orange. It should be said that at the time of writing no examples of Tudor Rose have been seen with a tubelined “.B.” or “.O.”. Please let me know if you have one.

The tube-lined .S. mark

Tube-lined S mark on a Lotus Leaves pattern 2682 bowl

The “.S.” mark is  more problematic, it can exist with or without the dot marks either side, there is no reference to it in the pattern books and it occurs on a wider range of patterns, sometimes with only a few observations, or a single example. Of the 38 examples seen it is most commonly found on the Lotus Leaves pattern, (2682), Rhodian, (3272) and Trellis, (6016). But also examples are known on patterns 2691, 2801, 3797, 4016, 4040, 5391, 5393, 5802, 5803, 6017 and rare unnumbered trial designs.

Some of these patterns exist in different colourways. For Lotus Leaves most of the ".S." marked items are the rarer green wash variation , (but not exclusively). Several other designs in the list above exist in different colourways, either with the same pattern number or a different one. There is a high proportion of variations to the true designs amongst the ".S." marked items but equally, in many cases it does not appear that the decorators modified the enamelling in any way.

First thoughts are that the ".S." represents an instruction for special colouring since the two colourways of Lotus Leaves are the earliest known colour variation of Charlotte’s Crown Ducal patterns. A single jug in the Turin, (2691) pattern without any enamels has been seen with an S mark.

The next occurrences of S are on Rhodian, (3272), but only one of the five examples has any variation of the design and that is in the green and blue colourway. After that, examples are scarce until the 5391 special blue/mauve mottle glaze pots, (also used for Iris & Floretta patterns). Then two examples on Fruit Border, (5802), only one of which appears different to type with a border motif more akin to Rhodian. There is one example on Palermo, (5803), which is a special variation of the design, (or the original prototype) with two rows of petals, and several on Trellis, (6016), none of which appear to exhibit any variation from type. 

The evidence is not very compelling, the suggestion that these marks were originally devised as codes for alternative colour decoration remains a possibility. Or perhaps the mark meant they were the "Samples" for the Crown Ducal travellers, (sales representatives) to take for showing to clients - but then the range of items seen would seem rather odd with several 2682, 3272 and 6016 but none or very few of the other patterns. It is also worth remembering that "Special" or "Sample" may not relate just to the pattern or a variation in the pattern, but could be about the shape. A handled vase in shape 198 exists in pattern 2801 with an ".S." mark and the AGR2 backstamp. It appears to be the standard Byzantine/Danube design, but this would not have been a new design when it was made. But the shape was new, it only went into production at the beginning of 1935, and so the "Sample" may have been to show off the new shape rather than the pattern itself.

It is probably best just to say it might mean that the pot is destined for a special purpose so that it might be decorated with extra care and be identified, retrieved and set aside at the end of the decorating process for whatever this special purpose might be.

Just to add to all the uncertainty in these matters, one item, (a smokers box in Stitch , 3274) is marked "SS" and a green washed Lotus Leaves jug with green wash is marked "SD". "Special Shape" and "Special Design"  - who knows?

Tube-lined shape numbers

Tube-lined shape number 174 on a  Primula pattern bowl

The shape number of is often tube-lined on the base of vases and some bowls, but this practice appears to have ceased sometime during 1936. It is not uncommon to find the early patterns and examples of Persian Rose, (4040), or Green Chain, (4298), with the feature but much less so on Tudor Rose, (4491) or Manchu, (4511). No design younger than Manchu has been observed with a shape number tube-lined on the base.

The new shapes that were introduced in 1936 like 209, 211, 212, 213 and 214 all had the shape number moulded within a recessed rectangle quite clearly in the base so that the glaze could not obscure the figures as was often the case with the inscribed shape numbers. It was probably at about this time that it was deemed unnecessary to tube-line the number as well.

This is quite a useful date marker but not a very precise one. Although the new shapes with moulded numbers are almost certainly the trigger to stop tube-lining shape numbers, it is impossible to say if the practice stopped because of a change in policy or it gradually ceased because it was becoming a wasted effort. My thoughts lean to the former scenario because I have only seen one pot from those shape numbers, 209-214, with a tube-lined shape number and that is a shape 209 with pattern 2801. A splendid vase produced late in the production period for the Danube pattern and may possibly have been a special order or one of the first trial pieces to show off the the new large vase shape 209.

Tube-lined pattern numbers

Tube-lined pattern number 4953 on a Foxglove 12" charger

If shape numbers stopped being tube-lined in 1936 is is almost the opposite story for pattern numbers. In the early 1930s it appears that only slip decorated patterns had tube-lined pattern numbers. These would be the big salad bowls and platters for the USA market and the Blossom design on snow glaze, pattern 4538. If a pattern number is present on any other design it would have been applied by the enameller or lusterer.

Then sometime, in 1936, it becomes more likely that the pattern number is tube-lined for all designs. Certainly observations show that patterns 4921, 4922, 4924, 4926, 4953 and 4954 have a very high chance of having tube-lined pattern numbers. These would all have been promoted strongly at the British Industries Fair in March 1937 so perhaps it was decided with the great surge in orders that it was more efficient for the tube-liners to number the pots rather than the paintresses.

Triangles of 3 tube-lined dots

Tube-lined 3 dot triangle mark on a Stitch pattern 3274 bowl

These are a fascinating curiosity. I have details of 16 items where there is a small triangle of 3 tube-lined dots on the base, 8 are on Byzantine, 2681, 1 on Lotus Leaves, 2682 and the remaining 7 on Stitch, 3274. The Byzantine and Lotus Leaves pots all have Charlotte's own signature on the base. So can we presume that the triangle of dots mean these pots are the work of Charlotte Rhead, and consequently that Charlotte even mucked in with tube-lining examples of the simple Stitch pattern herself? I believe there has to be a more involved explanation than that otherwise why sign and add the dots as well. 

And Others!

A couple of other marks have been seen. A single example of a tube-lined asterisk and two examples of the the letters ".N.M.". They do not appear to be decorated differently to type so there is not much  point in speculating their meaning.

Facsimile signatures. Part 2, Fanny Morrey

It is time to return to the subject of facsimile signature styles. It is more than 3 years since I started with the “easy ones” of Rose, Hannah and Elsie?

https://rhead-crownducal.blogspot.co.uk/2014/07/charlotte-rhead-facsimile-signatures.html

I believe my reasoning for what I wrote then still stands true. The statistics might have changed with more observations, but not in any significant way. Since then Gerrard Shaw has provided new information in his book on Crown Ducal Ware of 2015, with additional names and some employment dates. But with no links between these names and the pottery markings it has actually made my project harder!

My plan here is to significantly reduce the list of anonymous signature styles and ascribe several to Fanny Morrey in the hope that what is left will be easier to untangle.

Composite of proposed series of tube-lined marks by Fanny Morrey starting with the oldest at the top and the youngest at the bottom. The three forming a cross are styles from 1935-1936 which form a cluster where the sequence cannot be unravelled with confidence.

This constructed history of Fanny Morrey’s signature styles is all speculation. It is based on the premise that she changed her signature style throughout her time tube-lining Crown Ducal ware. The styles usually have similarities to the signature which is typically associated with the letter F and which collectors assume to be her mark.

For those who want the simple answer at the beginning, then Fanny Morrey tube-lined all items marked with an F, a DOT, or a 2, (except those 2's defined as being the work of Elsie Fearns? in the previous facsimile signature post).

These various styles also have to fit with information researched by Bumpus that Fanny was a very experienced tube-liner previously employed by Moorcroft and who may have joined Richardson’s sometime around 1933. Also, Shaw provides information that Fanny was with the company from 1932 until after WW2, but that she came with Charlotte from Burgess & Leigh. Although it would be good to know Fanny’s history prior to coming to Richardson’s it is not relevant to identifying her Crown Ducal work. It may well be that she worked at both Moorcroft and Burgess & Leigh; after all, Charlotte had worked at many potteries before 1932.

TL-FM5

Working backwards in time from her standard signature with the letter F it is important to note that this style, (TL-FM5), was not used until the patterns Tudor Rose, (4491), and Manchu, (4511), were well into their second year of production in 1937. Clearly, if Fanny joined the Crown Ducal team in 1932-33 there are going to be hundreds of examples her work with earlier designs and marked with different tubed base marks.

TL-FM4a, TM-FM4b, TL-FM4c left to right with 4a possibly the oldest and 4c the youngest.

So how did Fanny identify her work before her TL-FM5 mark?  There are several variations that are a cross between Charlotte’s own signature and Fanny’s. That is to say they all use the L for Lottie, but this collective group named TL-FM4, can have the letters E and A either both upper case or both lower case and the letter D can have the top horizontal line or not. In addition most are associated with the tube-lined number 2 rather than the letter F.

I have subdivided TL-FM4 based on their differences and think I have the sequence correct. However, it is a struggle to explain the distribution for all this diversity in how Fanny marked her work at this time. Perhaps future discoveries may require the sequence to be revised.

TL-FM3

One indisputable feature is that 66% of the pattern Orange Chain, (4100), items are marked with proposed versions of Fanny’s signature, and 50% are with the TL-FM3 style. For some reason she made this pattern her own. Pattern 4100 was designed at the end of 1934, so it would be reasonable to date that signature style to the end 1934 and early 1935.

Both Bernard Bumpus and Gerrard Shaw mention that Fanny Morrey was an already experienced tube-liner and that she came to work with Charlotte around 1932-33. This was a time when no Lottie Rhead signatures with an L instead of a C were applied, (except those by Charlotte herself). If Fanny joined in 1932-33 she must have used an alternative signature style, or styles, with a C for Charlotte.

TL-FM2

Fortunately there are two that fit the missing time period from the beginning of tube-lined production up to the end of 1934. The youngest pattern seen to date with the younger of these two styles is 4100. It does require a leap of faith to say that TL-FM2 and TL-FM3 are the marks of the same person. If one looks at the letters “h.e.a.d” of the TL-FM2 signature style and the lower case versions TL-FM4 and TL-FM5 they are as close a match as you could expect.

Importantly, the style of the number 2 is quite consistent amongst the different versions with a strong baseline, and is unlike the 2 used by Elsie Fearns?, which can often look like the number 7. In further support that this period 1 or early period 2 style, (TL-FM2), belongs to Fanny, is the observation that over 60% of Omar, (pattern 4036), items were tube-lined by this artist. It seems reasonable that one of the most complicated of Charlotte's designs would be tube-lined by a senior tube-liner. In fact Omar can be found with several different signature styles, (TL-FM2, TL-FM3, TL-FM4 or TL-FM5). My proposal for Fanny’s signature history means that she tube-lined them all. With this scheme I have yet to see an example of Omar tubed by anyone else.

Although the TL-FM2 signature exists on Byzantine examples from period 1, the earliest production period, there is a problem in that there are not enough period 1 examples. That is to say, Rose, Dora and Adams? were significantly more productive than Fanny based on only the TL-FM2 mark. If we are to believe Bumpus and Shaw that Fanny was there at the beginning we need yet another signature style to increase her work output from the earliest days.

TL-FM1

TL–FM1 is proposed as Fanny Morrey’s earliest signature style for Crown Ducal. The script is very similar to TL-FM2 but the C and the underline is more curved but it is usually accompanied with the characteristic number 2 mark. Adding together TL-FM1 and TL-FM2 production gets close to the period 1 output of Fanny’s colleagues. I believe her slightly lower productivity may be because she concentrated on the more complex designs and rarely worked on Lotus Leaves, Turin or Aztec.

TL-FM6

To end this story it is necessary to identify Fanny’s contribution after the WW2 restrictions on decorated pottery came into force in the summer of 1942 and after Charlotte herself had left the company. In his book, Gerrard Shaw notes that Fanny was working as a tube-liner after WW2, but there is no evidence that items marked with a tube-lined F were produced after the summer of 1942. If Fanny was tube-lining for Crown Ducal after Charlotte had left the company the only possibility is that she adopted the DOT mark which I will refer to as TL-FM6, instead of using F. There are no other marks that could signify her work. The other marks on post war items such as L, 11 and 111, are those that were in use by colleagues working while she was using the F mark.

Below are all of Fanny Morrey's observed output presented as histograms at the time of writing with the exception of unnumbered experimental designs. Also, items on small and awkward shapes are not included as these are difficult to fit into this chronology based on periods 1 to 6.  The history has been divided into two, one covering periods 1 and 2, and the other periods 3 to 6.You will probably need to click on them to open a larger version to make it legible.

Periods 1 & 2

Fanny Morrey's production history as observed until December 2017 grouped by backstamp defined period, facsimile signature style.

Periods 3, 4, 5 & 6

Fanny Morrey's production history as observed until December 2017 grouped by backstamp defined period, facsimile signature style.

Here is an attempt to date these different signature styles. It comes with my usual warning that they can only be a guide. There is no historical record of the tube-liners production history or their marks.

TL-FM1    Startup until early summer 1933
TL-FM2    Early summer 1933 until early 1935
TL-FM3    Early 1935 until late spring 1935
TL-FM4    Late spring 1935 until early 1937
TL-FM5    Early 1937 until mid 1942
TL-FM6    From mid 1942 onward, probably until mid-late 1950's

There are some loose ends to tidy up. There exist a few examples of Golden Leaves pattern 4921, with the period 2, AGR2 backstamp, unsigned but with a DOT mark. There are some Hydrangea table lamps, too awkward for any backstamp apart from the basic “MADE IN ENGLAND”, AGR8 style, also with DOT marks. These observations at first appear contrary to the rules of this proposed classification – suggesting there was a tube-liner “DOT” active in the mid 1930s. But I believe that this supports the case for the DOT mark to belong to Fanny Morrey as it links the post WW2 era to that of pre-WW2. With regard to the table lamps, there was no space for the signature, for Golden Leaves it may just have been pressure of work and a way to save time. In the scheme of things Fanny did not tube-line many items of Golden Leaves, so perhaps this is her venting her frustration at being sidelined from her usual task of working on the more difficult Florian, Carnation, Foxglove or Wisteria designs. The problem is easily solved by understanding that Fanny already had her abbreviated mark ready to use when needed and when the tube-liners were told to stop signing their work she reverted to using the DOT as she had used before.

I would like to suggest an explanation for the strange TL-FM3 style. It has capital letters E and A that interrupt the otherwise gradual evolution of Fanny’s signature. In fact it is a almost a copy of Charlotte's own signature, and the one that was used by the tube-liners at Burgess & Leigh. This may have been a problem for Charlotte. I propose that at some time around the introduction of pattern 4100 Fanny Morrey was given permission to sign L Rhead, (for Lottie Rhead), either as a symbol of seniority or friendship. However, this style TL-FM3 was so close to Charlotte's own signature that perhaps she was asked to modify it and after trying various options, which I have grouped as TL-FM4, it eventually stabilised as TL-FM5.

Another unusual sighting is that of a large salad bowl in pattern 3170, one of the USA designs drawn entirely in slip clay. It is the only example I have seen with the tubed mark 2 for Fanny without a signature. There are lots of pots with the F mark and no signature but only this one sighting of an unsigned earlier item of her work. These bowls would have been made when Fanny was using her TL-FM2 style, if it had been signed.

Also, I should mention that for statistical purposes in the histogram I include in the group TL-FM5, all the unsigned items that carry a tube-lined F mark as I assume they were made during the same time range as the signed items with an F mark.

I am hoping that the logic of all this does not come across as total fantasy. It seems to me to be a good way to reconcile the biographical research of Bernard Bumpus and Gerrard Shaw together with the observations of hundreds of base markings.

Crown Ducal shapes 146 & 211

These two shapes have been chosen for a couple of reasons. Firstly, they appear together in an advertisement from 1936. Admittedly they look rather distorted being created from a sketch rather than a photograph. Nevertheless it is nice to see a period illustration of Charlotte’s work apart from the trade journal entries and also gives an insight into when a particular pattern was popular in the shops. Secondly, and more interestingly, the moulds for these shapes were clearly modified at some time while Charlotte was using them for her tube-lined designs and hence offer useful information about when a particular item was manufactured.

Newspaper advertisement for pattern 3274 Stitch

The illustrated advertisement for Stitch includes stylised pictures of shapes 211 and 146 (or 145). It appeared in the West Hartlepool Northern Daily Mail on December 17th 1936 as part of an illustrated Christmas gifts advertisement for the Binns department store in Hartlepool.

Shape 146

 

Crown Ducal shape 146

With the exception of 12” and 14” wall chargers, the shape 146 vase is Crown Ducal’s most popular shape for fancies. It has been seen with most of Charlotte’s designs from 2681 through to 6353. The few not seen yet, such as 4538, 4922, 4925 and 4957 are probably just because they are rare patterns anyway, but there is no reason to doubt that examples might have been made and perhaps a rare survivor will turn up in the future. The exceptions are the well known Coronation patterns 4724 and 4725 which are probably the two decorations unlikely to be found on this shape. Shape 146 was not among the very restricted number of flower vases and jugs that were used for Coronation Ware. 

Vases can be found with or without a handle, with about 12% not having handles. Virtually all examples without handles were made pre-1936, but as ever with Crown Ducal production there will be exceptions to the rule.

Left, incised shape number on early examples, right, moulded number on later examples

The shape number 146 can either appear as scratched/incised numerals into the pot with a pointed tool or as raised numerals in a rectangular moulded recess. There is a clear cut division where the incised version ceased to be used and from then on the moulded version takes over. Most Hydrangea 3797 examples have incised shape numbers. Most Patch 4015, Blue Peony 4016 and Persian Rose 4040 examples have moulded shape numbers, but 4016 and 4040 have been seen with incised numbers. The date when the mould design changed must have been sometime quite early in the production period of these two patterns and also well into period 2 because of the number of shape146 items with AGR2 backstamp styles. Previously I have estimated that the period 1–2 boundary would be at the start of 1935. If this still holds good then perhaps late spring/early summer 1935 is a good estimate for the changeover. This time would also satisfy the observation that all Tudor Rose and Manchu examples have the moulded shape number version.

If you are checking your vase and it does not have the moulded shape impression, but you cannot find the incised number - then this is not unusual. Some of the glazes, when applied very thickly can fill in the incised mark. Also, there was a habit in the earlier years for the decorators to tube-line the shape number on the base and sometimes this may have been over the top of the incised mark.

Shape 211

 

Crown Ducal shape 211

The vase shape 211 was one of the “new shapes” introduced in 1936. It becomes a popular shape with Tudor Rose 4491, Manchu 4511 and many of the later patterns. It can be found with older designs, but not in large numbers as they would have been made at the tail end of these pattern production runs, or perhaps as special orders after main production run had ceased. Looking at patterns older than 4491, then examples of 4318, 4300, 4298, 4088, 4016, 4015 and 3274 have been seen in roughly diminishing numbers, except for a little spike with the ever popular Stitch 3274. One example has been seen with the Byzantine/Danube 2801 pattern, but I believe that may be a later production. No examples of the popular patterns Byzantine 2681, Rhodian 3274 or the less common early designs have been recorded so far on the 211 shape which is an observation common to most of the younger shapes. This may impact on collecting strategies, (should they exist!), as it means that it will be most unlikely that anyone will ever find a Lotus Leaves 2682, Turin 2691 or Aztec 2800 pattern vase with shape 211. 

The shape can be found with no handles, one set of handles or two sets, very roughly in the proportions of 2:1:7. The examples with one set of handles are the rarest and seem to occur only on the earliest productions of the shape, (4016, 4318, 4491, 4511 and 4521). Most, if not all of these were made in 1936. The majority of vases with no handles follow the same rules, but there are also quite a few exceptions, so it may be possible to find handleless examples on any design that was also made with two handles – but they are just less common.

Left, early examples have the dot after 211, right, the dot is missing on later examples.

On the base of each vase is a rectangular moulded recess with the shape number 211. Eagle eyed observers may have noticed that sometimes the number is followed by a full stop and sometimes the stop is absent. The first instinct is to assume that this could be used to date mark a vase. Presumably a mould for shape 211 vases was broken and its replacement had the shape number made slightly differently.

A study of many observations of pattern number, backstamp style and shape number impression style does indeed show an age relationship. Examples of Caliph 5411 made in period 2, (AGR2 backstamp style), have the full stop after the shape number 211. Examples of Tarragona 5623 made in period 2 do not have the full stop. The approximate design date for Caliph is late summer 1937 and for Tarragona is early summer 1938. So it seems likely that sometime between these two dates the mould(s) for shape 211 were remade with a very slight design change. Late spring or early summer 1938 would be a good estimate for the change.

The Byzantine/Danube 2801 vase mentioned earlier does not have the dot in the shape impression and adds weight to the idea that this item was probably a special order made outwith the main production period of 1933-1935 for this design.

 

Charlotte Rhead facsimile signatures. Part 1

In his books Bernard Bumpus created a list with the names and marks of the Crown Ducal tube-liners, and Gerrard Shaw has a similar list of names in his dissertation. I am not aware of any new information being found since these publications which are now about 15 and 20 years old. Hope must now be fading of linking any more names to these tube-lined marks.

Published information of tube-liners and their marks

Despite there being no new factual information about Charlottes work colleagues I believe that information from observing which signature styles are found on which patterns and associated with which backstamp style may reveal some useful information. Each distinctive facsimile signature style has a relationship to the date when the mark was applied. Although many of the signature styles may not be definitively attributed to individual named decorators, their characteristic marks clearly occur in clusters with regard to backstamps and patterns and consequently a date range. This information can be used to estimate when particular tube-liners were working for Charlotte and what patterns they preferred or were instructed to work on. 

The cataloguing of the signature styles is fraught with difficulty. There is a strong temptation to make associations, and this must be balanced against the risk of creating links where none actually exists. The philosophy adopted here is to record all styles that have recognisably different characteristics, but to group and link them if they could reasonably be by the same individual. If a new interpretation of the observations makes more sense in the future then it should be quite easy to present the findings anew. 

I have identified between thirty and forty different signature styles but Bumpus and Shaw record barely a dozen names or tube-lined initials. It is hoped to demonstrate that several tube-liners used different signature styles during the course of their time working at Crown Ducal. But some styles are represented by a very small number of observations and it may never be possible to fit them into the picture.

In this first post on the subject I am going to present the signature styles of three tube-liners, Rose Dickenson, Hannah Williams and Elsie Fearns. These are recognisable signature styles which collectors will be familiar with. Analysis of variation in a tube-liners style with regard to time and pattern range can suggest some interesting detail about the production and employment history at Richardsons. These are some of the easy ones to get started with, others are more difficult or impossible to interpret.

In a previous post I introduced a concept of "periods" for defining the age of when a pot was made and I shall use these terms for describing when tube-liners were active. Providing there is sufficient confidence I may use actual years to provide more precision, but they can only ever be estimates because there is no documentation from the 1930s recording the Crown Ducal production history.

Firstly, I need to point out an error made by Bumpus, and that is the linking of the K mark to a tube-liner. The .K. mark is definitely not the identifier of a tube-liner. It is a code applied by the tube-liner so that the enameller will be informed to decorate the pot in a certain manner. These codes are recorded in the surviving Crown Ducal documents and pots marked with a K are also likely to have a signature of one of the known tube-lining artists together with their letter or number mark.

Rose Dickenson (possible spelling Dickinson) 

TL-RD

From the range of patterns and backstamps found with Rose's signature style it can be confidently proposed that Rose was effectively present during the entirety of Charlotte’s time at Richardson’s. Her signature has not been observed on a few designs but the long term tube-liners like Fanny, Dora, Rose and Hannah appear to have had favourites and concentrated their efforts on particular patterns. Then by the time of WW2 these experienced decorators tended, (though not exclusively), to work on the most complex patterns and on special orders, so their marks may not be found on some of the later, simpler designs.

Rose in her mid 20s - photo taken c. 1938-1940

Although the signature style of Rose does change with time, there is rarely any difficulty in identifying her work. The dot and curved stroke forming her initial letter D is very distinctive. I have not subdivided her entire catalogue of work, (yet!), but just concentrated on her early styles as this demonstrates on what she was working on during that first year or so with Charlotte Rhead.

Rose Dickenson TL-RD1

The style TL-RD1  indicates an item of Roses's earliest work. So far it has only been found on patterns Lotus Leaves, (2682) and Turin, (2691) from Period 1. Notice the L for Lottie Rhead, (like Charlotte's work at Burgess & Leigh), suggesting these were made during the first months of production before Charlotte had created her new "Crown Ducal" identity and perhaps guiding how her team should identify their work.

Rose Dickenson TL-RD2

The style TL-RD2  is also her early work from Period 1.  Found on patterns Lotus Leaves, (2682), Turin, (2691), Aztec, (2800), USA pattern 3172 and Padua, (3636).  Now with a C for Charlotte, the distinctive letter h, but still with the horizontal stroke to the letter d.

Rose Dickenson TL-RD3

The style TL-RD3 is at present a group of all her other signature styles. After TL-RD2 Rose developed a lovely flamboyant style with large CR and h, but later she became more efficient in her signature but it is always an instantly recognisable version of TL-RD3.

Production history graph showing distribution of Rose's early signature styles

The graph above shows the distribution of Rose's early signature styles. TL-RD1 and TL-RD2 are only found on items marked with Period 1 backstamps. This graph only displays observations until pattern 4040 in Period 2 but of course she continued tube-lining probably until Charlotte left in 1941/42.

The graph is instructive because it shows that her earliest work was on the simpler linework patterns of Lotus Leaves, Turin and Aztec, not Byzantine. I would hazard a guess that this might mean Rose was learning a new skill from Charlotte, although before the end of Period 1 she was decorating complex designs like Byzantine and Rhodian.

Hannah Williams

TL-HW

The signature of Hannah Williams also appears to have evolved, the similarities of these three styles are too striking to be ignored. The development of the capital R is the only real difference in the signature and the change in the initial letter from B to H is perhaps a change from maiden surname to forename. Bernard Bumpus ascribed the letter B signature to Violet Barber but he did qualify this with a question mark clearly indicating his uncertainty. The pattern and backstamp style distribution for these three signatures display a perfect sequential development. 

Hannah Williams TL-HW1

The TL-HW1 style is found on some Period 1 patterns particularly Byzantine, (2681), Rhodian, (3272), Primula and Granada, (3321) and on Period 2 pattern Hydrangea, (3797), as well as examples of  Period 1 designs produced during Period 2. From the proportion of Rhodian, Granada and Primula examples seen with the HW1 style compared with other established tube-liners of Period 1,  Hannah probably arrived when production of Rhodian was in full swing, late summer 1934 would be a reasonable estimate and probably stopped using the HW1 style in early 1935.

Hannah Williams TL-HW2

 

The TL-HW2 signature style is not common and apart from the earlier designs only appears on two patterns that are not found with TL-HW1 and those are Blue Peony, (4016) and Persian Rose, (4040). Therefore the HW2 style may only have been used for a few months or so in early/mid 1935. Some examples of the HW2 style have the horizontal top stroke for the letter d.

Hannah Williams TL-HW3

From pattern 4100 onward the typical signature style TL-HW3 with the letter H was used until Hannah left Richardson’s. The youngest design seen with her mark is 6016, but the number seen of the late, complex designs is similar to those produced by Rose and Dora so it is reasonable to assume she stayed at Richardson’s until Charlotte left.

Production history graph showing distribution of Hannah's early signature styles

The production history graph of Hannahs earliest work shows complex designs such as Byzantine, Rhodian and Granada. So I think it is safe to assume that Hannah was an experienced tube-liner before she started at Richardsons. I have not found any record of where she acquired her skill, maybe she had worked with Charlotte at Burgess & Leigh and was able to rejoin her, or possibly she was a colleague of Fanny Morrey at Moorcroft.  The number of Period 1 items tubed by Hannah is significantly less than some of her fellow workers, only 15%-18% of the number that are marked by Adams, Rose Dickenson or Dora Jones and therefore she probably joined well after Charlotte had set up operations at Richardsons. Late summer of 1934 would be a good estimate, just in time to prepare Byzantine, Rhodian and Granada pots for the Christmas shoppers!

Elsie Fearns?

TL-EF

These two styles are very similar and are probably by the hand of the same tube-liner whom Bumpus tentatively names Elsie Fearns. He has a question mark after Elsies name and Shaw does not have her in his list of tube-liners. I have no further personal information on this tube-liner and so for the present am happy to defer to Bernards best efforts to identify this tube-liner.

The only significant difference between them is the the case of the letter E. If the output of these two are merged they seamlessly become representative of one worker. The other characteristic common to both styles is the mark of the number 2 which often has the bottom stroke truncated so that it may look like the number 7.

Elsie Fearns? TL-EF1

The capital E version started sometime in period 1, probably around the time when Rhodian, (3272), and the large salad bowls and platters were being produced for the USA market. This would be spring of 1934. The youngest patterns seen with the capitalised letter E are few examples of 4491 and 4511 which would date to early spring 1936. From then on all examples use the lower case letter e.

Elsie Fearns? TL-EF2

The youngest pattern numbers with this signature style are a few examples 4953, 4954 and 4957, so it seems reasonable to conclude that this tube-liner stopped working with Charlotte soon after the introduction of Foxglove, Wisteria and Arabian Scroll, probably before the middle of 1937.

Production history graph showing distribution of Elsies signature styles

This production history graph shows the entire recorded output for Elsie. The number of Period 1 items seen with her mark are about 30% of what either Adams, Rose or Dora produced giving an estimated start time of spring 1934, and this would tie in nicely with the large quantity of Rhodian, Primula and Granada that she worked on. There are no significant numbers of Lotus Leaves, Turin and Aztec in the sample, so again, like for Hannah I have to speculate that she may have been an experienced tube-liner joining Charlottes team.

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WARNING! Virtually all this post is speculation based on my observations, so although I hope the reader finds this interesting it could be riddled with untruths! Wouldn't it be great if the veracity could be confirmed. I am not too concerned if there are errors and I will make corrections if anyone has information to help with this. The biggest difficulty in creating a story here is who tube-lined all those unsigned Stitch, Patch and Posy items. Bumpus writes in his description of Stitch that they were worked by apprentice tube-liners and juniors.

But who were these people? If you were an apprentice or junior presumably you became skilled and a senior. But apart from a few tube-liners whose marks appear only in the mid 1930s there isn't really a large turnover or change in tube-liners. And what about all the tube-lined stitched edge Cotswold tableware? Did the same team decorate those or was there another group at the factory who are unknown?

I seriously wonder if Charlottes group of tube-liners was large enough to support this idea of a hierarchy where today we only know the senior members. Isn't it more likely that the team responded to what orders were coming in. If huge quantities of Stitch were ordered by retailers then surely everyone would have to help out to complete the orders.

It's a mystery - or perhaps someone can help with the answer.

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More tube-liner profiles to follow........

Charlotte Rhead backstamps & production history framework.

Bernard Bumpus in "Collecting Rhead Pottery", identified eight backstamp styles and I continued to use his numbering system as the basis for my work on the rhead-crownducal.info website. To study the complete production of Crown Ducal requires the documentation of a much larger number of backstamps and the Bumpus numbering system is not helpful. I have previously documented dozens of backstamp styles in previous posts, But this one is an edited catalogue of backstamp types primarily for collectors of Charlotte Rhead pottery, (or more accurately, Crown Ducal tube-lined pottery).

It lists the Bumpus and rhead-crownducal.info codes alongside my own numbering system and proposes dividing the Crown Ducal tube-lining history of Crown Ducal ware into "Periods" based on the backstamps used, (and if necessary some other criteria). My purpose in doing this is to simplify time into chunks that can define when an item of Crown Ducal tube-lined pottery was made. I am preparing some other blog posts which will refer to the production history of Rhead items and I need the most concise way of doing it. Although the exact dates of these Period boundaries are unknown I will offer reasoned best estimates. Of course I would welcome any information from readers that would help to date these events more precisely.

Period 1 (approximately January 1933 -December 1934)

Period 1 is deemed to start when Charlotte arrives at the company. I have not found any documents with her start date at Richardsons, but I think that Bumpus was correct when he said early 1933. The start of 1933 would be ideal. We know that Charlottes earliest known design for Crown Ducal, Byzantine, (2681), was featured in the trade press of March 1933. January 1933 would be an excellent estimated start date and allows for the lead time prior to publication, and time for settling in and producing a quantity of her first designs.

Charlotte Rhead - Period 1 backstamps

Please note that  Period 1 represents the time while Charlotte was working at Richardsons and the company was applying these types of backstamps to their tube-lined productions. It does not mean these were the only backstamps that the company were using at this time, but they are the only ones I have seen on Charlottes tube-lined designs made until the switch to Period 2 backstamp types.

Bumpus mentions that the backstamp I refer to as type 241, (with WARE between CROWN DUCAL and ENGLAND), is used occasionally. I have never seen this backstamp on a Charlotte Rhead design.  I suspect that he saw this mark on the base of the Crown Ducal sgrafitto designs. He thought that these might be the work of Charlotte based on stylistic grounds, but I find this very difficult to believe. Why would Richardsons employ the foremost tube-lining designer of the time and have her earliest commissions be sgrafitto productions for which she had no recent commercial track record? The decoration is very sloppy compared with what she had done at Burgess and Leigh and what she would continue to do for Crown Ducal, also the colour palette used bears no relation to what she used before or after. They would have to be very early designs, as many are seen with the 1920s type 110 backstamp and therefore needed to have predated Byzantine. But it is true they were still in production once Charlotte had arrived.

There may have been Charlotte Rhead tube-lined designs with the type 110 backstamp from Period 1, but I have not conclusively identified an example. Normally this mark was applied to the small and awkward shapes like table lamps and very small items. Most of the examples I have seen were either on patterns that were introduced at the BIF in 1935 or later, or for earlier patterns like 2801 or 3274 for which the production date is ambiguous. At any rate the backstamp changeover on these awkward shapes does not follow the same Period boundaries so I will return to this subject later.

When did Period 1 end? Almost certainly towards the end of 1934 or early 1935. Here are some observations that would need to fit with any proposed Period boundary.

Less than 1% of Hydrangea, (3797), or Blue Peony, (4016), examples have Period 1 backstamps. I have not yet seen a Patch, (4015), Omar, (4036) or Persian Rose, (4040), example from Period 1. The Pottery Gazette of February 1935 talks of Hydrangea, (3797), Blue Peony, (4016) and Persian Rose, (4040) all being new patterns. The same article also discusses Stitch, (3274), an earlier design, of which about 10% of examples are from Period 1. The majority, (nearly 90%), of Granada, (3321), items are Period 1 and being an uncommon design we have to assume it did not have a long production run despite the company continuing to advertise it in early 1935.

With regard to other Crown Ducal productions from this time, the youngest pattern number seen with a Period 1 backstamp is 4183, a freehand enamelled floral tableware design on the Victory shape. Although, the single example with the early backstamp was on a lemonade jug, so perhaps the larger shape may indicate it was a prototype to show off the design, certainly all the other tableware examples I have seen of this design had Period 2 backstamps. The youngest well known tableware design, that is very rarely found from Period 1 are Charlottes Ellesmere/Wenlock/Breedon patterns, (4009/4010/4011). These fit closely in pattern number with Blue Peony and they are also discussed in the same Pottery Gazette article of February 1935; therefore, if this cluster of designs can be dated I believe that would be a good estimate of the Period 1 - Period 2 boundary.

The prototype of Blue Peony, (in Byzantine colours), that is illustrated on the late George Connors website is one of only two Blue Peony examples I have seen from Period 1. I like the idea that the prototype is Period 1, but the main production for Blue Peony was during Period 2. If the Pottery Gazette were reviewing these new designs in January and publishing in February with a view to them being seen at the British Industries Fair in March, then New Year 1935 might be a reasonable date for the changeover. One would then have to find an explanation for why there are not more examples of Hydrangea from Period 1. Perhaps because the tube-liners were all too busy completing orders for Rhodian, (3272), and Stitch, (3274), which were the two most popular tube-lined designs that straddle the Period 1 - Period 2 boundary. The company may have felt that while the staff were busy with existing orders they could hold on to Hydrangea to be part of their launch of new designs at the BIF. It is all guesswork!

Popular Charlotte Rhead tube-lined patterns designed during Period 1:

• 2681 Byzantine
• 2682 Lotus Leaves
• 2691 Turin
• 2800 Aztec
• 2801 Byzantine/Danube
• 3052 Persino
• Nursery Ware
• USA Salad Bowls and Platters
• 3272 Rhodian
• 3274 Stitch
• ???? Primula (number unknown but has an almost identical production profile to Granada and therefore placed here)
• 3321 Granada
• 3797 Hydrangea (possibly not in commercial production until Period 2)
• 4015 Patch (possibly not in commercial production until Period 2)
• 4016 Blue Peony (possibly not in commercial production until Period 2)

 

Period 2 (approximately January 1935 -September 1939)

 

The four years and nine months that I allocate to Period 2 were the most productive with regard to the number of Rhead tube-lined designs and the quantity of examples produced, (as estimated by what has been seen for sale over the past few years).

Charlotte Rhead - Period 2 backstamps

 

The end of Period 2 occurs sometime after the introduction of Fruit Border, (5802), and Palermo, (5803), but before Circular Fruits, (5982). No examples of Circular Fruits or younger designs have been seen with the backstamps defining Period 2.

Fruit Border and Palermo start to appear in photographic advertisements in the Pottery Gazette from March 1939. The company usually waited a little while for designs to be popular before using them in advertisements and since there are quite a few examples, especially of Fruit Border, from Period 2 one might think that production started well before the end of 1938, however this is difficult to reconcile with other observations. The youngest tableware with Period 2 marks is the "Sunshine Salad Ware", (5787), textured with a crinkled surface radiating from the centre, with yellow glaze and orange brushed edge. This supports the premise that the Period boundary occurred soon after pattern number 5800 but does not help with a date.

Elsewhere, Tarragona, (5623), was regarded as "new" in the November 1938 issue of the Pottery Gazette whereas its pattern number might suggest it was designed in the early summer of 1938. Pattern book references to dates were rarely entered at the time of the design and are more likely to refer to subsequent correspondence with clients. There are entries for April 1938 (pattern 5572), July 1939, (pattern 5927) and January 1940 for Charlottes Trellis pattern 6016, (which is deemed an accurate date for the design).

Tableware pattern 5784 is advertised in the Pottery Gazette of  February 1939, and even without using this as a data point for age calculation the pattern design would date to January 1939. This makes me comfortable with my design date estimation. Therefore, if Fruit Border and Palermo were designed in February 1939 at the latest, and there are significant numbers with Period 2 marks, I believe the Period 2 - Period 3 boundary has to be close to the design date for Circular Fruits, (5982), and Ankara, (5983). Late summer, say, September 1939 would be about the latest possible time. This would allow a reasonable amount of time to account for the number of Fruit Border examples seen from Period 2. WW2 started in September 1939 and there may be a connection between this event and all the subsequent chaotic base markings that define Period 3. It should be noted that there are no tableware designs within the pattern number range between Sunshine Salad Ware and Circular Fruits that can support this proposal. I am hoping that this lack of evidence is because there were no new, popular tableware patterns introduced during this time that used these same backstamps.

Popular Charlotte Rhead tube-lined patterns designed during Period 2:

• 4036 Omar
• 4040 Persian Rose
• 4088 Patch
• 4100 Orange Chain
• 4298 Green Chain
• 4300 Tudor Rose
• 4318 Tudor Rose
• 4491 Tudor Rose
• 4511 Manchu
• 4519 Coloured Snowdrops
• 4521 Blue Posy
• 4538 Blossom
• 4724 Coronation
• 4725 Coronation
• 4794 Blue Tulips
• 4795 Spanish Tree
• 4903 Stitch Variation
• 4921 Golden Leaves
• 4922 Florian
• 4923 Chains and Panels
• 4924 Carnation
• 4926 Arabian Scroll
• 4953 Foxglove
• 4954 Wisteria
• 4957 Arabian Scroll
• 5391 Persian Leaf
• 5393 Tudor Rose
• 5411 Caliph
• 5623 Tarragona
• 5802 Fruit Border
• 5803 Palermo

Period 3 (approximately October 1939 - June 1942)

 

World War II has begun and until 18th June 1942, when the stringent restrictions on decorated pottery were introduced, it would appear that tube-lined decorative pottery continued to be made and sold. Observations suggest that production was about 50% of pre-war levels which seems quite impressive considering the number of staff that must have left the industry and the hardships that would have curtailed spending on luxuries.

Charlotte Rhead - Period 3 backstamps

The above backstamp styles all signify a tube-lined item made during Period 3 with the exception of the small AGR8/Type 401 style which if found on a small item or lamp may mean a different date, (see section on small and awkward shapes).

The Period 3 styles were not applied randomly. I have mentioned clusters of various types for various patterns in my Backstamps - Part 3 post, but I do not feel confident enough to elaborate further on how or why the marks come to be distributed in this way.

The initial tube-lined designs of Period 3 were Circular Fruits, (5982) and Ankara, (5983). These were supplemented by Trellis, (6106), at the beginning of 1940 and Mexican, (6189), in the summer of 1940. Basket, (6198) and Fruits and Leaves, (6353) followed but made a more modest contribution. The rest of the production consisted of older popular designs, particularly Golden Leaves, (4921, which is the most commonly found pattern from Period 3. The other favourites at this time were Persian Leaf, (5411),  Caliph, (5411), Tarragona, (5623), Fruit Border, (5802) and Palermo, (5803).

An interesting point to note is that several of Charlottes earlier designs reappear or continued in production at this time, but almost exclusively on chargers, Byzantine, (2681), Rhodian, (3272), Blue Peony, (4015), Green Chain, (4298), Tudor Rose, (4491), Manchu, (4511) and Arabian Scroll, (4926) all fit into this category.

The end of Period 3 marks the intensifying of the restrictions on the sale of decorated pottery in the United Kingdom. This process began in October 1941 and Bernard Bumpus is vague about exactly when Charlotte left the company. He is sure that Charlotte was at HJ Wood Ltd by July 1942. I doubt that much new design work would have occurred after October 1941, so it is possible that Charlotte could have left any time between October 1941 and June 1942. For the present I shall keep June 1942 as the big changeover date as it ties in with the government restrictions on decorated pottery which would deny an outlet for the work of an experienced designer like Charlotte. It would also force the departure for most of Charlottes team of skilled decorators, and oblige the company to introduce a single backstamp style.

Popular Charlotte Rhead tube-lined patterns designed during Period 3:

• 5982 Fruit Border
• 5983 Ankara
• 6016 Trellis
• 6189 Mexican
• 6198 Basket
• 6353 Fruits and Leaves

Period 4 (approximately July 1942 - August 1952)

 

Periods 4, 5 & 6 represent time when Charlotte was no longer involved with Crown Ducal and the majoity of it was after her death. But it is important to document these marks as they are found on examples of her designs.

Please note that the backstamps marked AGR5 for Periods 3 and 4 are different. A casual glance and you may think they are the same but the details of the crown/plumes/crest differ. Each one defines a distinctly different time period.

The dates July 1942 - August 1952 are the core period of the wartime government restrictions on decorated pottery. The Period 4 backstamp style, type 481 is known to be from this time as it can be found with the printed letter "B" which is the AG Richardson & Co. Ltd price band indicator for tableware made while these restrictions were in force. I do not have any other evidence that these are the start and end dates when this backstamp was used. There is a possibility that the backstamp continued to be used into 1953. Quite a few hand decorated plates have been seen, signed and dated on the reverse and one example has the type 481 backstamp and is dated 1953. Because there is no direct link to the factory or company information, we have no way of knowing if these are Crown Ducal productions or the work of a hobbyist or a student decorating blank plates.

Charlotte Rhead - Period 4 backstamp

Patterns found from this Period fall into one of two categories the post-Rhead era designs, 6567, 6568, 6569, 6570, 6571, 6572 and 6573, or earlier Charlotte Rhead designs that had remained popular and continued to be made after she had left the company.

The most common Rhead designs are Persian Rose, (4040), Golden Leaves, (4921), Fruit Border, 5802) and Ankara, (5983). Others known to exist are Rhodian, (3272), Tudor Rose, (4491), Tarragona, (5623), Circular Fruits, (5982), Trellis, (6106), Mexican, (6189) and Fruits and Leaves, (6353). The Nursery Ware patterns Who Said Dinner, (3131) and Little Boy Blue, (3133), also remained in production.

No examples have the facsimile Rhead signature, though they often have the pattern number tube-lined and the mark of the tube-liner. The two marks most often seen are L or a simple dot. Occasionally seen are 11 and 111.

Period 5 (approximately September 1952 - late 1950s)

 

I have not found much period documentation to help with this mark except for an article entitled Crown Ducal at Home in the magazine Pottery and Glass from 1955. In it are illustrated the reintroduced version of Green Chain, (4298), and the pink and grey version of Ankara, (6778). Hand decorated plates exist signed and dated from 1959 with this mark. Therefore after Period 4, I believe it is likely that most of the remainder of the 1950s can be categorised Period 5.

Charlotte Rhead - Period 5 backstamp

In the Collecting Rhead Pottery book by Bernard Bumpus he wrote that this mark was used from 1933. It is difficult to understand what he was thinking about. A possible connection is that Charlottes orange and black stitched edge tableware, (pattern 3049), and some nursery ware remained in production for decades and examples have been seen with the Period 5 backstamp. Those designs date to 1933, but backstamps define the date of production not design, so perhaps that was his error.

Similar to Period 4, patterns are either post-Rhead era designs, 6778, 6822, 6884, 6907, 6918, 6927 and 7065, or earlier Charlotte Rhead designs that had remained popular and continued to be made after she had left the company. During Period 5 these were 3131, 3133, 4040, 4298, 4921, 5803 (pink version) and 5983.

Again, as for Period 4, no examples have the facsimile Rhead signature, though they often have the pattern number tube-lined and the mark of the tube-liner. The marks most often seen are L, a simple dot, 11 and 111.

Period 6 (approximately late 1950s - early 1960s)

 

This is the youngest mark seen on Crown Ducal tube-lined pottery and I have not found any documentation to help with its date range. Hand decorated plates dated 1960 exist with this backstamp and Bernard Bumpus in his book writes that "production did continue until at least 1962". Hopefully there may be some Crown Ducal advertisements in the trade journals or general press that may help link patterns to dates and marks.

Charlotte Rhead - Period 6 backstamp

Both Bumpus and Shaw  have a start date of mid 1930s for this mark in their publications and I have no idea what they were looking at.

Post-Rhead era patterns 6778, 6907, 6927, 7065 and 7069 may have this mark, (there are also some unnumbered, tube-lined designs with post war glazes and colours, all experiments from the late 50s-early 60s). One or two Golden Leaves, (4921), chargers have been seen with this backstamp and marked L, also a nursery ware plate of Little Boy Blue, (3133).

The Little Boy Blue Plate, is proof that this is the Charlotte Rhead design with the longest production history, 1933 until possibly 1962? At least twenty six, maybe almost thirty years - I think Charlotte would be proud.

Small and Awkward Shapes

 

Table lamps, condiment dishes and vases with very small bases tend not to have backstamps that conform to the rules outlined above. Although it is possible to construct a separate scheme for them, there are several examples that do not obey the rules and the sample size of observations is rather small.

Charlotte Rhead backstamps on small  & awkward shaped items

Type 110 are the oldest group. Seen to date on lamps and condiment dishes with the youngest pattern being Tudor Rose, (4491). The full list of pattern seen is 2801, 3274, 3797, 4088, 4100 & 4491 which would take us from 1933 into 1936.

Type 401 appeared in 1936 and continued to be used until at least the beginning of the wartime restrictions on decorated pottery. It has been found with patterns 3797, 4088, 4491, 4511, 4921, 6016 and 6189.

Type 403 is found only on items produced in the post-Rhead era, reintroductions of 4040, 5983, and later designs 6568 and 6778.

However several post-Rhead era shapes and patterns have been found with type 401, so be careful and use other criteria in conjunction with the backstamp to date an item with type 401.

End note

 

I hope my reasoning is comprehensible and that this will be a useful framework for documenting the production history of Charlottes Crown Ducal designs. If previously unseen period documents, anecdotal evidence or a pot with markings that do not fit the model mean the period boundaries dates need changing - then so be it.